August Strindberg (1849-1912) 'If you think it's simple, then you have misunderstood the problem.' Bjarne Strustrup (lecture at Temple U., 11/25/97) 'The only reason that we like complex numbers is that we don't like real numbers.' Bernd Sturmfels (IAS/Park City Mathematics Institute, 7/14/04). Joan of Arc: A Play in Five Acts (English) (as Author) Sargeaunt, John, 1857-1922 ¶ Society for Pure English Tract 4 The Pronunciation of English Words Derived from the Latin (English) (as Author) Sargent, A. (Arthur John), 1871-1947 ¶ Australasia Eight Lectures Prepared for the Visual Instruction Committee of the Colonial Office (English. A Dream Play and Four Chamber Plays. August Strindberg: A Psychoanalytic Study with Special Reference to the Oedipus Complex.
From the introduction to The Dream Play (1902). By August Strindberg. DreamPlay Records released a new digital album on March 3, 2021, which can be. Surrealism was a cultural movement which developed in Europe in the aftermath of World War I and was largely influenced by Dada. The movement is best known for its visual artworks and writings and the juxtaposition of distant realities to activate the unconscious mind through the imagery.
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Strindberg’s Miss Julie AndBeckett’s Waiting For Godot Essay, Research Paper
The motivationsand behavior of key characters in Strindberg’s Miss Julie andBeckett’s Waiting for Godot will be analyzed according to EricBerne’s method of transactional analysis. Eric Berne deals with thepsychology behind our transactions. Transactional analysis determineswhich ego state is implemented by the people interacting. There arethree possibilities which are either parent, adult, or child. The keycharacters in Waiting for Godot are Vladimir and Estragon. Vladimiris the more intellectual of the two and Estragon is more emotional.Their ego states are always shifting from minute to minute. In MissJulie the key characters are Jean and Miss Julie. Jean shifts his egostate according to his situation either to compliment the ego stateof the person he is talking to or to exploit the situation. In therelationship between Miss Julie and Jean their ego states interchangeas Miss Julie begins as the parent, then she falls so they are equalon the adult level and eventually she is on the bottom so Jean is onthe top as parent ego state.
People are madewith three basic ego states which are the parent, adult, and child.Some people have a dominant ego state and others are constantlychanging. All parts are necessary for a well rounded personality. Thechild is linked with intuition, creativity, spontaneity, drive andenjoyment. The adult is the rational, objective and logical sidewhich allows work to get done. This is the part of us that should beinvolved in difficult decision making because it weighs the pros andcons of the decision without bias. The parent is useful for actuallyraising children and for routine decisions that do not require thedeductive reasoning of the adult. A transaction can be eithercomplementary or crossed and at the same time simple or ulterior. Asimple complementary transaction would be any transaction where thelines do not cross. It could be a transaction between psychologicalequals; these transactions are gossip (parent-parent), problemsolving (adult-adult), or playing (child-child).
If the lines ofcommunication in the transaction are crossed, the communication willcease unless one of the participants alters their ego state tocompliment the ego state implemented by the other communicant. If theresponses of the people interacting continue to cross they will nolonger be communicating but instead there will be fruitless arguing.An example is “I can’t find my shoes do you know where they are?”response “why don’t you keep track of your things, you would loseyour head if it wasn’t attached”. The question was an adult onebut the response was parent to child so the lines are crossed. Therewas no positive that came out of the transaction and the conversationcannot be sustained.
Ulteriortransactions are more complex and more than one ego stat is involvedat one time by a participant. An ulterior transaction can be used totake advantage of a vulnerable ego state in someone else. An exampleis a car salesman sees a middle aged family man that appears to behaving some sort of a midlife crisis. The car salesman shows him anexpensive sports car and says ” young people love these flashycars, but you look like more of a Lincon town car type”. The middleaged man then turns around and buys the expensive sports car. Thesalesman’s comments were both objective observations that were madeby the adult. They could be received by either the adult or child ofthe middle aged man. If received by the adult it would steer themiddle aged man to a car that would be more appropriate and practicalfor him and his family. Instead it is received by the child which inthis case is dominant and vulnerable and causes the man to think “I’mstill young this is as much a car for me as it is for anyone”.
In Waiting forGodotEstragon and Vladimir converse on all levels with each other.Through the play they are killing time while waiting for Godot.Estragon realizes that their existence is stagnant and he has troubleremembering things because of the repetition. In the second act hedoes not recall what happened in the first act. For him, rememberingthe day before would be like trying to remember a specific rain dropin a rain storm. Godot, the unseen character represents a hope ofchange that is to come. Their meeting with him is always delayedwhich defers their hope, but does not extinguish it because theyagree to meet him again the next day. At some points they play witheach other, this is an effective way to kill time. An example of themplaying is when they are wondering what to do while waiting forGodot, Estragon comes up with the idea of hanging themselves.Vladimir says it will give them an erection and Estragon getsexcited. They play around giving reasons why the other should behanged first. Estragon says that Vladimir should be hanged firstbecause he is heavier and the branch of the tree might break. If itdoesn’t break for Vladimir there will be no trouble hanging him sothey will both be dead. Whereas, if Estragon is hanged first and thebranch supports his weight but is unable to support Vladimir he willbe alone. Vladimir is more likely to take a parental role thanEstragon. An example of this is when Estragon is attempting withgreat difficulty to remove his boots he asks for help. Vladimirlectures him by saying “Boots must be taken off every day I’mtired of telling you that. Why don’t you listen to me.”1
They alsoconverse on an adult to adult level. An example of this is in act IIthey have an abstract conversation about thinking. They come up withthe idea to question is to think and the road to enlightenment is apassive journey. Here is a portion of their adult dialog.
Vladimir: Whenyou seek you hear
Estragon: You do
Vladimir: Thatprevents you from finding
Estragon: Itdoes
Vladimir: Thatprevents you from thinking
Estragon: Youthink all the same 2
They meet a mannamed Pozzo and his slave Lucky. Pozzo is a rich man and Lucky is aformer intellectual who is no longer able to think. Pozzo isconstantly talking down to everyone, as he is firmly locked in theparent ego state. Almost every time Pozzo talks to Vladimir andEstragon, it is an independent speech because he always talks fromthe parent to child position and Vladimir and Estragon do not like torespond to him from the child level. When Estragon asks Pozzo anadult question which is why doesn’t Lucky put down his bags andPozzo ignores the question a few times until Vladimir tells him he isbeing asked a question. He eventually answers after talking down tothem a couple of times. Two examples of this are Pozzo saying
“Don’tinterrupt me. If we all speak at once we’ll never get anywhere”and “why couldn’t you say so before”3 .
In Miss JulieJean is the servant in the Count’s house. Throughout the playwhenever the Count is mentioned Jean shrivels up with fear and is inthe child ego state. Miss Julie, the count’s daughter is originallyis in a position of authority over Jean because he is a servant inher house. Through the course of the story a reversal of roles isseen. It starts with Jean being in the child ego state while talkingto Miss Julie to compliment the parent ego state that she talks tohim from. Miss Julie was a very passionate woman and often would grabone of her servants to dance with. A combination of factors broughtJean and Miss Julie together. Some of these factors are being in theright place at the right time, her fianc? breaking off theirengagement, her hormones and the atmosphere of a midsummer night.Once Jean has been with Miss Julie for a while he plays games withher to make her want to get with him. He does this after she wasteasing him sexually but would not let him kiss her. He senses astrong romantic child in her and he exploits this by telling her astory he made up about him seeing her from across the gate to theestate and he desired to be with her. He said that he slept under anelder bush because he had remembered it could be fatal but he did notdie, he only became very ill. He said he did this because he realizedbecause of their class difference he could never have her, and shewas a symbol of hopelessness of him ever climbing up from his lowclass. This story evokes sympathy and triggers her child which wantsto rebel against the established order that says they can never gettogether. This strategy works as Jean ends up sleeping with MissJulie.
In theirrelationship the tides turn from Miss Julie being the parent to thembeing equal to Jean being the parent. The ego states of Miss Julieand Jean will be looked at in chronological order as they rotate likeon a wheel where Miss Julie starts out on top but ends up on thebottom with Jean on the opposite side of the wheel. Miss Julie is ina position of power over Jean and this causes her to talk to him as achild from a parent’s standpoint. An example of this is when Jeanhas something in his eyes Miss Julie says “…sit down and I’lltake it out. Sit still now, quite still! (she slaps his hands) Come,obey me!” “Sit still, will you! There! Now it’s gone. Kiss myhand and thank me.”4
As they continueto talk their conversation drifts into that of psychological equalson the adult level. At this point they begin to discuss their future.Jean gives the idea of going away “to Switzerland, to the Italianlakes!…” so he could start a hotel and she could be “the pearlof the establishment”. Jean is telling her stories of how great itwould be as they discuss the feasibility of their budding plan. MissJulie, in response to Jean’s grand plans says “They seem to mequite sensible but – just one question. A big project like thatneeds a lot of capital. Have you that?” Jean says that she would beable to find a backer if she went with him. Miss Julie says “Icouldn’t. And I haven’t any money of my own.” Jean says “Thenour whole plan collapses.” As they rationally discuss Jean’splans they come to the conclusion that his plan is not possible toexecute because of their lack of funds. 5
After theirplans are shot down, Miss Julie pouts and becomes very childlike. Sheinstantly drops from the adult ego state into the child and thisprompts Jean to shift into the parent ego state. Miss Julie callsJean a servant and lackey. Jean responds with “servant’s whore,lackey’s bitch, shut your mouth and get out of here. You dare standthere and call me foul.” Miss Julie becomes submissive “You’reright. Hit me, trample on me, I’ve deserved nothing better … helpme out of this…” It is clear from preceding dialogue that Jean isnow acting the parent after Miss Julie has fallen from her greatheight in social standing and also dropped to a child ego state.Right near the end of the play, Miss Julie is very submissive andchildlike so Jean is very parent like with her. Unlike Miss Julie,Jean has not had an overhaul of his ego, but instead he just reactsto the ego states of the people talking to him. This can bee seen byhis response to the count “It’s Jean milord. Yes, milord. Yes,milord. Immediately. At once, milord. Very good, my lord. In a halfan hour.”6 He is still fearful and submissive towards the countwhile at the same time being authoritative from the parent ego statetowards Miss Julie. Miss Julie wants to kill herself but needs to betold to do so by Jean. Jean ends up giving her a sharpened razor andtelling her to go.
In conclusion,in Waiting for Godot Vladimir and Estragon are constantly shiftingego states from minute to minute. Sometimes they play like childrenand at other times they talk seriously on an adult level, and atother times they talk down to each other from the parent to child egostates. Pozzo is always talking down to everyone he comes intocontact with. Unlike Jean in Miss Julie, Vladimir and Estragon do notreadily shift their ego states to accommodate others such as Pozzo.Pozzo has no intention of doing anything but talk down to others,thus his conversation with Vladimir and Estragon starts and endsquickly because they are not on complimentary ego levels. Most timesPozzo talks it is an independent speech and seems he isn’t reallydirecting his thoughts towards anyone in particular. Vladimir andEstragon do not stay in one ego state for a prolonged length of time,but are switching at random. In Miss Julie, Jean and Miss Julie’sego states rotate like on a wheel where Miss Julie starts out on topas the parent but in the end the wheel has turned and she is thechild on the bottom. Jean is like a chamaeleon when it comes to whatego state he is in. He adapts to the ego states of the people he istransacting with. He does this so that their ego states arecomplimentary and conversation is allowed to flow. He alsomanipulates Miss Julie’s emotions by appealing to the romanticchild in her. It is Miss Julie’s fall from her high social statusand her consequent fall to a childish ego state that makes Jean adapthis ego. She starts out thinking she is better than Jean because heis her servant. As they get closer she feels he is her equal so shetalks to him as an adult from an adult standpoint. By the end whenshe has fallen from grace she feels so low that she is talking up toJean and wants him to tell her what to do. All the while Jean is onthe opposite side of the wheel that Miss Julie is on.
End Notes
1. SamuelBeckett, Waiting for Godot, p 7
2. SamuelBeckett, Waiting for Godot, p 41
3. SamuelBeckett, Waiting for Godot, p 20-21
4. AugustStrindberg, Miss Julie, p116-117
5. AugustStrindberg, Miss Julie, p123 Frank ocean album mp3.
6. AugustStrindberg, Miss Julie, p145
A Dream Play Strindberg Analysis
Bibliography
1. Berne, Eric.Games People Play. Grove Press INC, New York Thirtieth printing 1966.
The Stronger Strindberg
2. Strindberg,August. Plays: One , Miss Julie . Secer & Warberg Limited, GreatBritain 1964.
3. Beckett,Samuel. Waiting for Godot. Grove Press INC 1956.